腫瘤壞死因子（TNF）是一種細(xì)胞因子，在免疫調(diào)節(jié)、炎癥和細(xì)胞凋亡等生物學(xué)過程中發(fā)揮重要作用。近年來的研究表明，TNF與各種疾病的發(fā)病機(jī)制有關(guān)，例如炎癥性疾病、腫瘤、自身免疫性疾病等。一些新的抗TNF治療藥物也被開發(fā)出來，已經(jīng)用于治療類風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎、克羅恩病等疾病，并獲得了一定的療效。

Cytokine that binds to TNFRSF1A/TNFR1 and TNFRSF1B/TNFBR. It is mainly secreted by macrophages and can induce cell death of certain tumor cell lines. It is potent pyrogen causing fever by direct action or by stimulation of interleukin-1 secretion and is implicated in the induction of cachexia, Under certain conditions it can stimulate cell proliferation and induce cell differentiation. Induces insulin resistance in adipocytes via inhibition of insulin-induced IRS1 tyrosine phosphorylation and insulin-induced glucose uptake. Induces GKAP42 protein degradation in adipocytes which is partially responsible for TNF-induced insulin resistance. Plays a role in angiogenesis by inducing VEGF production synergistically with IL1B and IL6.; The TNF intracellular domain (ICD) form induces IL12 production in dendritic cells.

1. TUNEL staining was positively correlated with TNF-a protein expression. Our findings suggest that apoptosis can be induced in the vocal fold epithelium after 120min of modal intensity phonation. In contrast, shorter durations of vibration exposure do not result in apoptosis signaling. PMID: 27577014
2. Inflammatory factors such as TNF-alpha can stimulate MMP-2/9 activity in corneal epithelium cells. This may be a potential manipulating mechanism of MMP expression in the pathogenesis of corneal diseases. PMID: 26125840
3. The JNK pathway plays an important role in mechanical ventilation-stimulated TNF-alpha expression in alveolar macrophages, but the injury-stimulated IL-8 expression may be regulated by other signaling pathways. PMID: 24070709
4. The TNFalpha-evoked Cl- current. PMID: 24084720
5. IL-1beta and TNF-alpha expression increases significantly during acute lung injury. Ambroxol combined with low-dose heparin inhibits teh release of IL-1beta and TNF-alpha. PMID: 21845882
6. Hypercapnia increased expression of TNFa and decreased expression of NFKB in acute lung injury models. PMID: 21158126
7. In the early stages of myocardial ischemia, bone marrow stem cells are mobilized and home to ischemic myocardium with a concomitant increase in expression of cytokines VEGF and TNFalpha. PMID: 20624659
8. Ammonium perchlorate can increase gene expressions of types I, III collagens, TGF-beta(1) and TNF-alpha in lung of rabbits. PMID: 20937628
9. TNFalpha may either be directly or indirectly involved in vascular damage following an embolic stroke. Moreover, TNFalpha may mediate some of the detrimental effects of tPA on the vascular compartment PMID: 17673188

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Cell membrane; Single-pass type II membrane protein.; [Tumor necrosis factor, membrane form]: Membrane; Single-pass type II membrane protein.; [Tumor necrosis factor, soluble form]: Secreted.; [C-domain 1]: Secreted.; [C-domain 2]: Secreted.

Tumor necrosis factor family

KEGG: ocu:100009088

STRING: 9986.ENSOCUP00000005787

UniGene: Ocu.1971